Computer and Internet 1: 2009

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Friday, May 29, 2009

Computer Viruses

A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without the permission or knowledge of the owner. The term "virus" is also commonly but erroneously used to refer to other types of malware, adware, and spyware programs that do not have reproductive ability.

A true virus can only spread from one computer to another (in some form of executable code) when its host is taken to the target computer; for instance because a user sent it over a network or the Internet, or carried it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, DVD, or USB drive. Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer.

The term "computer virus" is sometimes used as a catch-all phrase to include all types of malware. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, trojan horses, most rootkits, spyware, dishonest adware, crimeware, and other malicious and unwanted software), including true viruses.

Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses, which are technically different. A worm can exploit security vulnerabilities to spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a program that appears harmless but has a hidden agenda.

Worms and Trojans, like viruses, may cause harm to either a computer system's hosted data, functional performance, or networking throughput, when they are executed. Some viruses and other malware have symptoms noticeable to the computer user, but many are surreptitious.

Most personal computers are now connected to the Internet and to local area networks, facilitating the spread of malicious code. Today's viruses may also take advantage of network services such as the World Wide Web, e-mail, Instant Messaging, and file sharing systems to spread.

Fred Cohen is an American computer scientist and best known as the inventor of computer virus defense techniques.

In 1983, while a student at the University of Southern California's School of Engineering (currently the Viterbi School of Engineering), he wrote a program for a parasitic application that seized control of computer operations, one of the first computer viruses, in Leonard Adleman’s class.

One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Cohen's 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses.

He has many other works related to computer viruses.

Apple Computer

Steven Paul Jobs (born February 24, 1955) is an American businessman and co-founder, and CEO of Apple Inc. Jobs is the former CEO of Pixar Animation Studios.

Apple Computer, Inc., major manufacturer of personal computers with headquarters in Cupertino, California. Apple designs, produces, and sells personal computer systems for use in business, education, government, and the home. Its products are sold in more than 120 countries and include personal computers, printers, monitors, scanners, software, and networking products.

Apple was formed by Steven Jobs and Stephen Wozniak in 1976 to market the Apple I, a computer circuit board that they had designed and built in Jobs’s garage in Los Altos, California. They scrapped their plan to sell the board alone when Jobs’s first sales call yielded an order for 50 units. They were, however, sold without monitor, keyboard, or casing.

The company was incorporated in January 1977 by the charismatic Jobs, the meditative inventor Wozniak, and their new partner and chairman, Mike Markkula. Markkula brought credibility, maturity, engineering and product management experience, and an extremely broad-based knowledge of the business world, as well as investment cash of his own and contacts among Silicon Valley’s venture capitalists.

Markkula also recruited all of Apple’s outside board members and lured away managers from other major high-technology firms, including Hewlett-Packard, Intel, and National Semiconductor.

Computers and Technology

"Quantum computers may one day be thousands to millions of times faster than current computers. "

Computers will become more advanced and they will also become easier to use. Improved speech recognition will make the operation of a computer easier. Virtual reality, the technology of interacting with a computer using all of the human senses, will also contribute to better human and computer interfaces. Standards for virtual-reality program languages—for example, Virtual Reality Modeling language (VRML)—are currently in use or are being developed for the World Wide Web.

Other, exotic models of computation are being developed, including biological computing that uses living organisms, molecular computing that uses molecules with particular properties, and computing that uses deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the basic unit of heredity, to store data and carry out operations.

These are examples of possible future computational platforms that, so far, are limited in abilities or are strictly theoretical. Scientists investigate them because of the physical limitations of miniaturizing circuits embedded in silicon. There are also limitations related to heat generated by even the tiniest of transistors.

Intriguing breakthroughs occurred in the area of quantum computing in the late 1990s. Quantum computers under development use components of a chloroform molecule (a combination of chlorine and hydrogen atoms) and a variation of a medical procedure called magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to compute at a molecular level.

Scientists use a branch of physics called quantum mechanics, which describes the behavior of subatomic particles (particles that make up atoms), as the basis for quantum computing. Quantum computers may one day be thousands to millions of times faster than current computers, because they take advantage of the laws that govern the behavior of subatomic particles.

These laws allow quantum computers to examine all possible answers to a query simultaneously. Future uses of quantum computers could include code breaking (see cryptography) and large database queries. Theorists of chemistry, computer science, mathematics, and physics are now working to determine the possibilities and limitations of quantum computing.

Communications between computer users and networks will benefit from new technologies such as broadband communication systems that can carry significantly more data faster or more conveniently to and from the vast interconnected databases that continue to grow in number and type.

Computer Engineering

Computer engineering is for those interested in building and understanding computer hardware, digital systems, and computer hardware systems. While most people are aware of computers in the form of personal computers and web servers, most electronic devices contain several small computers or microprocessors (try operating your newer vehicle when the "computer" fails).

One current trend in computer engineering is microminiaturization. Using VLSI, engineers continue to work to squeeze greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and smaller chips. Another trend is toward increasing the speed of computer operations through use of parallel processors, superconducting materials, and the like.

Electrical and Electronics Engineering

The largest and most diverse field of engineering, it is concerned with the development and design, application, and manufacture of systems and devices that use electric power and signals. Among the most important subjects in the field in the late 1980s are electric power and machinery, electronic circuits, control systems, computer design, superconductors, solid-state electronics, medical imaging systems, robotics, lasers, radar, consumer electronics, and fiber optics.

Aspects of electrical engineering are found in almost every consumer device or appliance. For example, such consumer technologies as cell phones, personal digital assistants, MP3 and DVD players, personal computers, and high-definition TV each involve several areas of specialization within electrical engineering.

Other technologies,such as the internet, wireless network connections, medical instrumentation, manufacturing, and power distribution -- technologies most people take for granted -- also involve some area of electrical engineering. In fact, it is difficult to find an industry where electrical engineers do not play a role.

Because electrical engineering has so many facets, there are many areas of specialization within the discipline. Our department has a high degree of expertise in electromagnetics and wave propagation, optoelectronics, digital signal processing and communications, power electronics, nanostructures and devices, controls, and computer engineering. Students may pursue specialization in these areas through elective courses.

What is EECE?

Electrical engineers and computer engineers today are involved in the development and enhancement of nearly every aspect of our lives. As technology becomes ever more pervasive in our everyday lives, electrical or computer engineers are increasingly in demand by a wide range of industries. The Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts the growth rate in jobs among computer engineers from 2000 to 2010 to be 24.9% or 15,000 jobs; electrical engineering jobs will grow by 11.3% or 18,000 jobs. So what are the differences?

Virtually unknown just a few decades ago, computer engineering is now among the most rapidly growing fields. The electronics of computers involve engineers in design and manufacture of memory systems, of central processing units, and of peripheral devices (see Computer). Foremost among the avenues now being pursued are the design of Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) and new computer architectures.

The field of computer science is closely related to computer engineering; however, the task of making computers more “intelligent” (artificial intelligence,), through creation of sophisticated programs or development of higher level machine languages or other means, is generally regarded as being in the realm of computer science.

One current trend in computer engineering is microminiaturization. Using VLSI, engineers continue to work to squeeze greater and greater numbers of circuit elements onto smaller and smaller chips. Another trend is toward increasing the speed of computer operations through use of parallel processors, superconducting materials, and the like.

Sunday, May 10, 2009

Computer Problem to dealwith

Good maintenace to our computers.

When we have problems with our computers, we call computer technicians to repair them.The technician will then troubleshoot the computer to determine the error or damage. One case that a technician usually encounters is no-monitor display. When this happens, the technician checks the cable connections first.

Is the power supply connector attached to the monitor? he may also check the monitor controls. The brightness and contrast controls may be turned down. He can also inspect the video card inside the CPU to see if the card is loose or dusty. after the trouble has been identified, he fixes the computer to return it to its original working condition.

Make sure to have a License Computer Technician to provide good maintenance to you personal computer. The computer is, our Heart and Soul to promote and explore our business,

related articles:

History of Computer

Computing History

Computers

Network

Thursday, April 30, 2009

Expanding 'the grid' to save lives

Scientists are turning ordinary citizens into stakeholders in the latest breakthroughs by harnessing the power of the humble home computer.

Voluntary computer schemes allow scientists to farm out some of the 'number crunching' which has to be done in major research programmes.

Reconstructing the conditions of the early universe, combating a deadly disease and even finding extra-terrestrial life may use 'grid computing'.

Simon Lin, of the Taipei-based research institute Academia Sinica, told the BBC World Service's Digital Planet that grid computing in Asia was helping change the approach to research.

He explained that voluntary computing may help research aimed at developing drugs from dengue fever, which is found in less developed countries.

Big pharmaceutical companies did not necessarily have enough incentive to develop a drug for the condition but grid computing cou;d offer a solution and lead to a drug screening programme, Mr Lin added.
He went on: "The results will be shared by the researchers who will be interested in developing drugs for this particular disease."

On the issue of computer security, Mr Lin said: "Actually, if you download these applications from the genuine volunteer company site then it should be quite safe.

"On the other hand, if the user turned out to be a hacker...they might be able to take the data they are working on. But the chances are remote because usually the data has been split, so even a real hacker can get only a small piece of data. He would not be able to see the big picture."

He explained that the one key benefit of grid computing is the cost factor.

Major change
Mr Lin added: "The cost is definitely much much lower. And secondly we see the strategic importance that we must get the Asian people into scientific collaboration. This is something they are less familiar with.

"I think this is part of the a very long term shift or transition. Eventually science in the 21st Century will have to be conducted in a different way.

"We see these great changes in internet and digital technology has brought to us but the scientific process hasn't really changed that much and this volunteer computing is one of the potential directions that may change the way we conduct scientific research."

Mike Butcher, Europe editor of technology blog TechCrunch, explained that there were incentives for people to join up to such schemes.

He said: "Well there is of course an altruistic imperative, you can actually get to feel good. You are contributing to scientific research and the search for UFOs or possibly even something to cure cancer.

"A lot of these systems now offer a credit system, whereby you might yourself be able to submit experiments or things you want to research to the system and then because you have built up enough credits in the system, you can get something done yourself.

"This is going to appeal a lot of the time to academic researchers but one can see in the future that there will be a time when people can access grid computing just for personal projects."
source:BBC News

April. 30, 09

Computer as a machine

A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions.The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (1940–1945), although the computer concept and various machines similar to computers existed earlier. Early electronic computers were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers.

Modern computers are based on tiny integrated circuits and are millions to billions of times more capable while occupying a fraction of the space. Today, simple computers may be made small enough to fit into a wristwatch and be powered from a watch battery.

Personal computers, in various forms, are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "a computer"; however, the most common form of computer in use today is the embedded computer. Embedded computers are small, simple devices that are used to control other devices — for example, they may be found in machines ranging from fighter aircraft to industrial robots, digital cameras, and children's toys.

The ability to store and execute lists of instructions called programs makes computers extremely versatile and distinguishes them from calculators. The Church–Turing thesis is a mathematical statement of this versatility: any computer with a certain minimum capability is, in principle, capable of performing the same tasks that any other computer can perform.

Therefore, computers with capability and complexity ranging from that of a personal digital assistant to a supercomputer are all able to perform the same computational tasks given enough time and storage capacity.

EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture.

A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by Claude Shannon in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as

Motherboards

The motherboard, also referred to as systemboard or mainboard, is the primary circuit board within a personal computer. Many other components connect directly or indirectly to the motherboard.

Motherboards usually contain one or more CPUs, supporting circuitry - usually integrated circuits (ICs) - providing the interface between the CPU memory and input/output peripheral circuits, main memory, and facilities for initial setup of the computer immediately after power-on (often called boot firmware or, in IBM PC compatible computers, a BIOS).

In many portable and embedded personal computers, the motherboard houses nearly all of the PC's core components. Often a motherboard will also contain one or more peripheral buses and physical connectors for expansion purposes. Sometimes a secondary daughter board is connected to the motherboard to provide further expandability or to satisfy space constraints.

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The central processing unit, or CPU, is that part of a computer which executes software program instructions. In older computers this circuitry was formerly on several printed circuit boards, but in PCs is a single integrated circuit. Nearly all PCs contain a type of CPU known as a microprocessor.

The microprocessor often plugs into the motherboard using one of many different types of sockets. IBM PC compatible computers use an x86-compatible processor, usually made by Intel, AMD, VIA Technologies or Transmeta.

Apple Macintosh computers were initially built with the Motorola 680x0 family of processors, then switched to the PowerPC series (a RISC architecture jointly developed by Apple Computer, IBM and Motorola), but as of 2006, Apple switched again, this time to x86-compatible processors by Intel.

Modern CPUs are equipped with a fan attached via heat sink.

Monday, April 20, 2009

Artificial Language

Programming Language
in computer science, artificial language used to write a sequence of instructions (a computer program) that can be run by a computer. Similar to natural languages, such as English, programming languages have a vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. However, natural languages are not suited for programming computers because they are ambiguous, meaning that their vocabulary and grammatical structure may be interpreted in multiple ways. The languages used to program computers must have simple logical structures, and the rules for their grammar, spelling, and punctuation must be precise.

Programming languages vary greatly in their sophistication and in their degree of versatility. Some programming languages are written to address a particular kind of computing problem or for use on a particular model of computer system. For instance, programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL were written to solve certain general types of programming problems—Fortran for scientific applications, and COBOL for business applications.

Although these languages were designed to address specific categories of computer problems, they are highly portable, meaning that they may be used to program many types of computers. Other languages, such as machine languages, are designed to be used by one specific model of computer system, or even by one specific computer in certain research applications. The most commonly used programming languages are highly portable and can be used to effectively solve diverse types of computing problems.

Language Application

Programming languages allow people to communicate with computers. Once a job has been identified, the programmer must translate, or code, it into a list of instructions that the computer will understand. A computer program for a given task may be written in several different languages. Depending on the task, a programmer will generally pick the language that will involve the least complicated program. It may also be important to the programmer to pick a language that is flexible and widely compatible if the program will have a range of applications. The examples shown here are programs written to average a list of numbers. Both C and BASIC are commonly used programming languages. The machine interpretation shows how a computer would process and execute the commands from the programs.

Friday, March 20, 2009

computer Literacy

Computer Literacy, knowledge and an understanding of computers combined with the ability to use them effectively. Computers are sometimes thought—unjustifiably—to demand deep technical knowledge or proficiency in mathematics and electronics. In actuality, computers, like any other discipline, inspire different levels of expertise. On the least specialized level, computer literacy involves knowing how to turn on a computer, start and stop simple application programs, and save and print information. At higher levels, computer literacy becomes more detailed, involving the ability of the “power users” to manipulate complex applications and, possibly, to program in languages such as BASIC or C. At the highest levels, computer literacy leads to specialized—and technical— knowledge of such topics as electronics and assembly language.

related articles:

History of Computer
Computing History
Computers
Network

Computer Family

Computer Family, in computer science, a term commonly used to indicate a group of computers that are built around the same microprocessor or around a series of related microprocessors and that share significant design features. For example, the Apple Macintosh computers, from the original Macintosh to the Macintosh II, represent a family designed by Apple around the Motorola 68000, 68020, and 68030 microprocessors. Similarly, the IBM PC computers and the “second-generation” PS/2 models can be considered the IBM PC family of computers, all built by IBM around the Intel iAPx86 series of microprocessors. Depending on point of view, however, a computer family can also be considered as encompassing any machines that share the same microprocessor. In this sense, the IBM models and compatible machines built by other manufacturers can be considered part of a larger grouping, the iAPx86 family of computers. Currently, members of different microcomputer families are not particularly compatible (able to use the same operating system and application programs).

Topology

The Internet and the Web

are each a series of interconnected computer networks. Personal computers or workstations are connected to a Local Area Network (LAN) either by a dial-up connection through a modem and standard phone line, or by being directly wired into the LAN. Other modes of data transmission that allow for connection to a network include T-1 connections and dedicated lines. Bridges and hubs link multiple networks to each other. Routers transmit data through networks and determine the best path of transmission.

World Wide Web (WWW)

computer-based network of information resources that combines text and multimedia. The information on the World Wide Web can be accessed and searched through the Internet, a global computer network. The World Wide Web is often referred to simply as “the Web.”The Web started to become a popular resource after 1993 when the first widely distributed browser provided a convenient way to access a variety of information on the Internet. The Web uses multimedia, which means that information can be displayed in a wide variety of formats. Users can read text, view pictures, watch animation, listen to sounds, and even explore interactive virtual environments on the Web. A user can move seamlessly from a document or Web page stored on the computer to a document or Web page stored on another computer.

The Web offers a place where companies, universities and other institutions, and individuals can display information about their products, services, facilities, or research, or their private lives. Only a small percentage of information on the Web is restricted to subscribers or other authorized users. The majority of Web pages are available to anyone who can access a computer that connects to the Internet. The Web has become a marketplace for many companies selling products or services, and a forum for people to exchange opinions and information. Museums, libraries, government agencies, and schools post information on the Web to make it available to others.

Friday, January 16, 2009

Who operates and control the Internet?

Who operates and runs it?who controls it?:
The answer is pretty much no one, it runs itself, it is, if you wish, controlled anarchy. There are agreed although voluntary standards and there are voluntary committees who oil the wheels. you will come across one if you ever want to register the name of your company as an Internet sit. but by and large almost anything goes and it the force of public opinion on the Internet a mighty weapon-that keeps people on the straight and narrow.

You and the Internet

WHO STARTED THE INTERNET?
The Internet started with the United States government deciding that a way of linking assorted research institutes and defense departments would not, in itself, be a bad thing.

That was originally called Arpanet and the government quickly and rightly became worried about security. But the communications between universities and research establishments as so useful, so co-effective that it was replaced by what we call the Internet.

In the beginning it was largish computer - typically a digital Vax- talking to largish computer using a language called Unix which is not, that easy to cope with. then a few years ago along came the concept of the World Wide web and the whole thing exploded.

There are an awful lot of people out there using the Internet and you can, if you like, look at them all as potential customers. that is wishful thinking, but is the sort of siren call which is used by many of the cowboys selling Internet design services as a solid figure from which to work.

The question that is asked the most is who pays for it? And it is very difficult question to answer. all universities pay something towards its upkeep. all commercials sites pay for their own servers-computers that push out the information.

but mainly the Internet creates great slabs of income for the telephone company wants timed charges for local calls.
If the payment is diffused,

World Wide Web

Imagining the World Wide Web:
The world Wide Web is so vast that it is difficult to imagine it. the best guess is that there are between 30 and 50 or more million pages of offered information-most of it free- on the Internet. And the number of users is of that same order. the number of users of the Internet was probably approximately 60 million or more than that. not all of those access the world Wide Web-the one with the pretty picture-as about half only use the Internet for electronic mail.

Internet works

Learn how the Internet works:

The first problem is getting a handle on exactly what the Internet is and how it works which is essential before you can even think of applying it to business. the simplest way for you to think of it is a collection of computer connected together by the telephone system. you can use as a very efficient mailing system, you can use it to build a mailing list of potential customers, you can use it -sort of- for an interactive conference. You can use it as a sort of large and very badly indexed encyclopedia or you can use it as a shop front for your business although, in most cases, you will not attract nearly the amount of passing trade that you would like.