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Friday, January 16, 2009
Who operates and control the Internet?
Who operates and runs it?who controls it?:
The answer is pretty much no one, it runs itself, it is, if you wish, controlled anarchy. There are agreed although voluntary standards and there are voluntary committees who oil the wheels. you will come across one if you ever want to register the name of your company as an Internet sit. but by and large almost anything goes and it the force of public opinion on the Internet a mighty weapon-that keeps people on the straight and narrow.
You and the Internet
WHO STARTED THE INTERNET?
The Internet started with the United States government deciding that a way of linking assorted research institutes and defense departments would not, in itself, be a bad thing.
That was originally called Arpanet and the government quickly and rightly became worried about security. But the communications between universities and research establishments as so useful, so co-effective that it was replaced by what we call the Internet.
In the beginning it was largish computer - typically a digital Vax- talking to largish computer using a language called Unix which is not, that easy to cope with. then a few years ago along came the concept of the World Wide web and the whole thing exploded.
There are an awful lot of people out there using the Internet and you can, if you like, look at them all as potential customers. that is wishful thinking, but is the sort of siren call which is used by many of the cowboys selling Internet design services as a solid figure from which to work.
The question that is asked the most is who pays for it? And it is very difficult question to answer. all universities pay something towards its upkeep. all commercials sites pay for their own servers-computers that push out the information.
but mainly the Internet creates great slabs of income for the telephone company wants timed charges for local calls.
If the payment is diffused,
The Internet started with the United States government deciding that a way of linking assorted research institutes and defense departments would not, in itself, be a bad thing.
That was originally called Arpanet and the government quickly and rightly became worried about security. But the communications between universities and research establishments as so useful, so co-effective that it was replaced by what we call the Internet.
In the beginning it was largish computer - typically a digital Vax- talking to largish computer using a language called Unix which is not, that easy to cope with. then a few years ago along came the concept of the World Wide web and the whole thing exploded.
There are an awful lot of people out there using the Internet and you can, if you like, look at them all as potential customers. that is wishful thinking, but is the sort of siren call which is used by many of the cowboys selling Internet design services as a solid figure from which to work.
The question that is asked the most is who pays for it? And it is very difficult question to answer. all universities pay something towards its upkeep. all commercials sites pay for their own servers-computers that push out the information.
but mainly the Internet creates great slabs of income for the telephone company wants timed charges for local calls.
If the payment is diffused,
World Wide Web
Imagining the World Wide Web:
The world Wide Web is so vast that it is difficult to imagine it. the best guess is that there are between 30 and 50 or more million pages of offered information-most of it free- on the Internet. And the number of users is of that same order. the number of users of the Internet was probably approximately 60 million or more than that. not all of those access the world Wide Web-the one with the pretty picture-as about half only use the Internet for electronic mail.
The world Wide Web is so vast that it is difficult to imagine it. the best guess is that there are between 30 and 50 or more million pages of offered information-most of it free- on the Internet. And the number of users is of that same order. the number of users of the Internet was probably approximately 60 million or more than that. not all of those access the world Wide Web-the one with the pretty picture-as about half only use the Internet for electronic mail.
Internet works
Learn how the Internet works:
The first problem is getting a handle on exactly what the Internet is and how it works which is essential before you can even think of applying it to business. the simplest way for you to think of it is a collection of computer connected together by the telephone system. you can use as a very efficient mailing system, you can use it to build a mailing list of potential customers, you can use it -sort of- for an interactive conference. You can use it as a sort of large and very badly indexed encyclopedia or you can use it as a shop front for your business although, in most cases, you will not attract nearly the amount of passing trade that you would like.
The first problem is getting a handle on exactly what the Internet is and how it works which is essential before you can even think of applying it to business. the simplest way for you to think of it is a collection of computer connected together by the telephone system. you can use as a very efficient mailing system, you can use it to build a mailing list of potential customers, you can use it -sort of- for an interactive conference. You can use it as a sort of large and very badly indexed encyclopedia or you can use it as a shop front for your business although, in most cases, you will not attract nearly the amount of passing trade that you would like.
Letter
Business Letter
"In the Business world,
everyone communicates
messages as often
as the need arises.
Communication is done
by personal visits,
by phone calls,
or by sending letters.
But not every businessman
can transact business
always by personal visits.
Phone calls
have limitation too.
If the message has to be
sent to the province
it would be very expensive.
A business letter can
convey messages which
a personal visit
or a phone call can accomplish."
Weather Forecast
| Washington, DC |  | 55° |
| Toronto, CAN |  | 45° |
| Sydney, AUS | | 67° |
| St. Louis, MO |  | 57° |
| Seattle, WA |  | 64° |
| San Diego, CA |  | 90° |
| Salt Lake City, UT | | 64° |
| Portland, OR | | 79° |
| Phoenix, AZ |  | 93° |
| Philadelphia, PA | | 54° |
| Paris, FRA |  | 48° |
| Orlando, FL | | 72° |
| Moscow, RUS |  | 31° |
| Minneapolis, MN | | 50° |
| Milwaukee, WI | | 41° |
| London, GBR | | 45° |
| Madrid, ESP |  | 45° |
| Memphis, TN |  | 63° |
| Dallas, TX | | 66° |
| Delhi, IND | | 88° |
| Columbus, OH | | 55° |
| Charlotte, NC | | 66° |
| Cairo, EGY | | 61° |
| Buenos Aires, ARG | | 59° |
| Boston, MA |  | 45° |
| Indianapolis, IN |  | 57° |
| Beijing, CHN | | 56° |
| Atlanta, GA | | 64° |
| Denver, CO | | 48° |
| Anchorage, AK | | 45° |
| New York, NY | | 73° |
| Miami, FL | | 73° |
| Honolulu | | 81° |
| Chicago, IL | | 72° |
| Las Vegas, NV | | 81° |
| San Francisco, CA | | 70° |
| Los Angeles, CA | | 79° |
| Tokyo, JPN | | 58° |
| Rome, ITA | | 54° |
Uniform Resource Locator
URL Method of naming documents or places on the Internet, used most frequently on the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL is a string of characters that identifies the type of document, the computer the document is on, the directories and subdirectories the document is in, and the name of the document.
The part of the URL before the colon represents the scheme, or format used to retrieve the document; http means the document is on the WWW. If, instead of http, that part of the URL was ftp, it would mean that that document could be accessed through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a format that allows a user to list files on, retrieve files from, and add files to another computer on the Internet. Some other schemes are gopher, which indicates the document is on a Gopher system, a menu-driven document delivery system for retrieving information from the Internet; news, which means the document occurs on a Usenet newsgroup, a forum in which users can post and respond to messages; and telnet, which indicates Telnet, an access method in which the user logs on to a remote computer.
The next part of the URL, www2.whitehouse.gov, is called the hostname and represents the computer on which the document can be found: www2 is the name of a specific computer at the whitehouse.gov host computer. The .gov extension identifies the computer as belonging to the United States government. Some other common extensions are .com (commercial) and .edu (education —usually a college or university).
After the computer and host names come the path, or chain of directories, on which the document is found; in this case, the only directory is WH. The last item to be listed is the document name— in this case, Welcome.html.
URLs are case-sensitive, which means that uppercase and lowercase letters are considered different letters, so a user has to enter a URL with all letters in the correct case. URLs on the WWW are accessed with browsers, or computer programs that can connect to the Internet and display Web pages.
The part of the URL before the colon represents the scheme, or format used to retrieve the document; http means the document is on the WWW. If, instead of http, that part of the URL was ftp, it would mean that that document could be accessed through File Transfer Protocol (FTP), a format that allows a user to list files on, retrieve files from, and add files to another computer on the Internet. Some other schemes are gopher, which indicates the document is on a Gopher system, a menu-driven document delivery system for retrieving information from the Internet; news, which means the document occurs on a Usenet newsgroup, a forum in which users can post and respond to messages; and telnet, which indicates Telnet, an access method in which the user logs on to a remote computer.
The next part of the URL, www2.whitehouse.gov, is called the hostname and represents the computer on which the document can be found: www2 is the name of a specific computer at the whitehouse.gov host computer. The .gov extension identifies the computer as belonging to the United States government. Some other common extensions are .com (commercial) and .edu (education —usually a college or university).
After the computer and host names come the path, or chain of directories, on which the document is found; in this case, the only directory is WH. The last item to be listed is the document name— in this case, Welcome.html.
URLs are case-sensitive, which means that uppercase and lowercase letters are considered different letters, so a user has to enter a URL with all letters in the correct case. URLs on the WWW are accessed with browsers, or computer programs that can connect to the Internet and display Web pages.
High-capacity Data Transport Facilities
Information Superhighway, term popularly used to refer to the availability and use of advanced information services by means of a variety of high-capacity data transport facilities, especially computers and computer networks.
The term was coined to convey an image of a national infrastructure that would provide abundant information at high capacities to the general public. It was made popular by United States Vice President Albert Gore to emphasize the importance of such an infrastructure.
The concept of an information superhighway remains abstract and has been superseded somewhat by the concept of a national, or global, information infrastructure, which is less focused on the notion of just a single, publicly owned means of information transport.
In practice, the computer network known as the Internet best exemplifies all these concepts. However, developments within the telecommunications industry, such as interactive television, may also promote an information superhighway in the future.
The Web
1.) The World Wide Raccoon Web This privately site contains anecdotes, information about dealing with raccoons, photographs, and a bibliography.
2.) The World Wide Web Consortium The W3 consortium exist to develop common standards, including specifications and reference software, for the evolution of the world Wide web
Dial-up services
Internet Access
The term Internet access refers to the communication between a residence or a business and an ISP that connects to the Internet. Access falls into two broad categories: dedicated and dial-up. With dedicated access, a subscriber’s computer remains directly connected to the Internet at all times through a permanent, physical connection.
Most large businesses have high-capacity dedicated connections; small businesses or individuals that desire dedicated access choose technologies such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modems, which both use existing wiring to lower cost. A DSL sends data across the same wires that telephone service uses, and cable modems use the same wiring that cable television uses.
In each case, the electronic devices that are used to send data over the wires employ separate frequencies or channels that do not interfere with other signals on the wires. Thus, a DSL Internet connection can send data over a pair of wires at the same time the wires are being used for a telephone call, and cable modems can send data over a cable at the same time the cable is being used to receive television signals.
The user usually pays a fixed monthly fee for a dedicated connection.
In exchange, the company providing the connection agrees to relay data between the user’s computer and the Internet.
The term Internet access refers to the communication between a residence or a business and an ISP that connects to the Internet. Access falls into two broad categories: dedicated and dial-up. With dedicated access, a subscriber’s computer remains directly connected to the Internet at all times through a permanent, physical connection.
Most large businesses have high-capacity dedicated connections; small businesses or individuals that desire dedicated access choose technologies such as digital subscriber line (DSL) or cable modems, which both use existing wiring to lower cost. A DSL sends data across the same wires that telephone service uses, and cable modems use the same wiring that cable television uses.
In each case, the electronic devices that are used to send data over the wires employ separate frequencies or channels that do not interfere with other signals on the wires. Thus, a DSL Internet connection can send data over a pair of wires at the same time the wires are being used for a telephone call, and cable modems can send data over a cable at the same time the cable is being used to receive television signals.
The user usually pays a fixed monthly fee for a dedicated connection.
In exchange, the company providing the connection agrees to relay data between the user’s computer and the Internet.
Internet Domain name
Museum --
Associations operate at regional, national, and international levels. The International Council of Museums (ICOM), based in Paris, France, serves museums and museum professionals worldwide.
Founded in 1946, it publishes a variety of documents, guidelines, and policy statements related to museums, including a general code of ethics. It also holds an international conference, called a General Assembly, every three years.
ICOM’s main organizational units are its national committees, which represent more than 100 countries, and its international committees, which are professional groups on topics of special interest to the museum community.
The organization maintains formal relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and advises the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council on museum issues.
ICOM strives to educate the public about the role of museums in society, and it actively promotes the interests of the world’s museums.
For example, ICOM successfully lobbied the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to create a new top-level Internet domain name, .museum, reserved exclusively for museums. It also created International Museum Day, held on May 18 of each year since 1977.
Associations operate at regional, national, and international levels. The International Council of Museums (ICOM), based in Paris, France, serves museums and museum professionals worldwide.
Founded in 1946, it publishes a variety of documents, guidelines, and policy statements related to museums, including a general code of ethics. It also holds an international conference, called a General Assembly, every three years.
ICOM’s main organizational units are its national committees, which represent more than 100 countries, and its international committees, which are professional groups on topics of special interest to the museum community.
The organization maintains formal relations with the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and advises the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council on museum issues.
ICOM strives to educate the public about the role of museums in society, and it actively promotes the interests of the world’s museums.
For example, ICOM successfully lobbied the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers to create a new top-level Internet domain name, .museum, reserved exclusively for museums. It also created International Museum Day, held on May 18 of each year since 1977.
Markup Language
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)
In computer science, a text-formatting language used by publishers and multimedia industries to solve problems arising from incompatibility between text editing, formatting, and database applications.
A document encoded in SGML has information, called markup, that directs how the text is formatted. For instance, the beginning of a chapter might be marked with the text stringand the end of the chapter with the text string . This markup cues the computer to process the encoded information for the desired output format.
SGML evolved from an earlier formatting language called Generalized Markup Language (GML), which was created in the 1960s by IBM. About the same time, the Graphics Communications Association developed a standard, called GenCode, that systematized formatting text between different typesetting systems. Elements of both GML and GenCode are used in SGML.
Other information than text may be included in documents, such as pictures, graphics, sounds, and moving images. A subset of SGML was developed called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML has become the standard markup language for formatting documents on the interconnected computing network known as the World Wide Web, incorporating text, picture, sound, and moving picture elements.
SGML documents are composed of three types of information: data,structure, and format. Data includes not only text, graphics, sounds, and images but also information that is not presented in the output—for example, a mail-order catalog database may contain reference information on a specific item that is currently out of stock and therefore not included in the printed catalog.
The structure of a document refers to the organization of data in that document. In addition to chapters, a book may contain subchapters, lists, tables, graphics, titles, an index, and a table of contents. World Wide Web pages contain these same structures, but they also contain links, or connections, to other World Wide Web pages. Format refers to a document's appearance.
For example, text may be italicized or altered so that it blinks on a World Wide Web page. Other format variables include indenting, line spacing, type font, type size, and picture and caption placement. Word processing and desktop publishing applications have traditionally inserted markup into documents. The advantage of SGML is that it preserves the data and structure of a document and allows the formatting to be determined at the time of output.
For example, a document may require different formats in order to appear in print, on a CD-ROM disk, and on the World Wide Web. Using SGML, this format information is stored in separate files, one file for each type of formatting. This allows a particular document to be reformatted without information being reentered or altered.
Converting non-SGML data into SGML formats has been expensive and time-consuming for publishing organizations that have changed to SGML. Another challenge lies in training users to work with SGML data. However, because SGML is independent of operating systems and applications, future conversions are unnecessary.
In computer science, a text-formatting language used by publishers and multimedia industries to solve problems arising from incompatibility between text editing, formatting, and database applications.
A document encoded in SGML has information, called markup, that directs how the text is formatted. For instance, the beginning of a chapter might be marked with the text string
SGML evolved from an earlier formatting language called Generalized Markup Language (GML), which was created in the 1960s by IBM. About the same time, the Graphics Communications Association developed a standard, called GenCode, that systematized formatting text between different typesetting systems. Elements of both GML and GenCode are used in SGML.
Other information than text may be included in documents, such as pictures, graphics, sounds, and moving images. A subset of SGML was developed called Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). HTML has become the standard markup language for formatting documents on the interconnected computing network known as the World Wide Web, incorporating text, picture, sound, and moving picture elements.
SGML documents are composed of three types of information: data,structure, and format. Data includes not only text, graphics, sounds, and images but also information that is not presented in the output—for example, a mail-order catalog database may contain reference information on a specific item that is currently out of stock and therefore not included in the printed catalog.
The structure of a document refers to the organization of data in that document. In addition to chapters, a book may contain subchapters, lists, tables, graphics, titles, an index, and a table of contents. World Wide Web pages contain these same structures, but they also contain links, or connections, to other World Wide Web pages. Format refers to a document's appearance.
For example, text may be italicized or altered so that it blinks on a World Wide Web page. Other format variables include indenting, line spacing, type font, type size, and picture and caption placement. Word processing and desktop publishing applications have traditionally inserted markup into documents. The advantage of SGML is that it preserves the data and structure of a document and allows the formatting to be determined at the time of output.
For example, a document may require different formats in order to appear in print, on a CD-ROM disk, and on the World Wide Web. Using SGML, this format information is stored in separate files, one file for each type of formatting. This allows a particular document to be reformatted without information being reentered or altered.
Converting non-SGML data into SGML formats has been expensive and time-consuming for publishing organizations that have changed to SGML. Another challenge lies in training users to work with SGML data. However, because SGML is independent of operating systems and applications, future conversions are unnecessary.
Microsoft
Networks
The (MSN), collection of World Wide Web sites operated by Microsoft Corporation that provide news, information, entertainment, and electronic mail (see e-mail) to users of personal computers. MSN also acts as an online service by providing Internet access on a subscription basis to customers, who connect to the service over telephone lines or cable television lines.
Sites within MSN include MSNBC, an Internet news service operated by Microsoft and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and various channels that offer information on financial markets and personal finances, services for digital photography, and a variety of information about automobiles. Other sites on MSN include Encarta Encyclopedia, which is published by Microsoft; Slate, an online magazine about news, politics, and culture; and Hotmail, which offers free Web-based e-mail. Some MSN sites provide their content free of charge. Other MSN sites charge users a subscription fee for access to premium content.
Microsoft launched the Microsoft Network in 1995, when it included a link to the service within its Windows 95 operating system software (see Windows). Although MSN attracted more than a half-million subscribers in the first several months of operation, its subscription base did not match that of the other online services.
In December 1995 MSN abandoned its strategy of requiring specialized software and allowed users to access its content on the World Wide Web.
By the end of its first year of operation, MSN had about 1.6 million subscribers, surpassing Prodigy in numbers of subscribers but still behind America Online (AOL).
In October 1996 Microsoft launched a radically redesigned version of MSN that more closely resembled television programming. The revamped MSN featured “channels” that focused on news, entertainment, travel, young adults, and teens. In 1998, however, Microsoft retreated from this strategy by eliminating most of its entertainment programming.
MSN began producing more information-oriented and transaction-related Web sites and offered more of its content for free. By 2002 the MSN free site was offered internationally in many languages and surpassed the audience of AOL and other Internet portals. However, as an Internet subscription access service, MSN still trailed AOL by a wide margin.
In October 2002 MSN released a major redesign of its site known as MSN 8. The new site featured stronger controls enabling parents to protect their children from undesirable Web sites and e-mail solicitations. It also offered premium services, such as Microsoft’s Money, Picture It!, and the deluxe edition of Encarta Encyclopedia.
The (MSN), collection of World Wide Web sites operated by Microsoft Corporation that provide news, information, entertainment, and electronic mail (see e-mail) to users of personal computers. MSN also acts as an online service by providing Internet access on a subscription basis to customers, who connect to the service over telephone lines or cable television lines.
Sites within MSN include MSNBC, an Internet news service operated by Microsoft and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and various channels that offer information on financial markets and personal finances, services for digital photography, and a variety of information about automobiles. Other sites on MSN include Encarta Encyclopedia, which is published by Microsoft; Slate, an online magazine about news, politics, and culture; and Hotmail, which offers free Web-based e-mail. Some MSN sites provide their content free of charge. Other MSN sites charge users a subscription fee for access to premium content.
Microsoft launched the Microsoft Network in 1995, when it included a link to the service within its Windows 95 operating system software (see Windows). Although MSN attracted more than a half-million subscribers in the first several months of operation, its subscription base did not match that of the other online services.
In December 1995 MSN abandoned its strategy of requiring specialized software and allowed users to access its content on the World Wide Web.
By the end of its first year of operation, MSN had about 1.6 million subscribers, surpassing Prodigy in numbers of subscribers but still behind America Online (AOL).
In October 1996 Microsoft launched a radically redesigned version of MSN that more closely resembled television programming. The revamped MSN featured “channels” that focused on news, entertainment, travel, young adults, and teens. In 1998, however, Microsoft retreated from this strategy by eliminating most of its entertainment programming.
MSN began producing more information-oriented and transaction-related Web sites and offered more of its content for free. By 2002 the MSN free site was offered internationally in many languages and surpassed the audience of AOL and other Internet portals. However, as an Internet subscription access service, MSN still trailed AOL by a wide margin.
In October 2002 MSN released a major redesign of its site known as MSN 8. The new site featured stronger controls enabling parents to protect their children from undesirable Web sites and e-mail solicitations. It also offered premium services, such as Microsoft’s Money, Picture It!, and the deluxe edition of Encarta Encyclopedia.
Netscape
Netscape Communications CorporationSoftware company based in Mountain View, California. Netscape’s best-known software product, Navigator, was developed to allow computer users to browse the World Wide Web through a graphical user interface. Netscape is a subsidiary of computer service company America Online (AOL), which in turn is a subsidiary of AOL Time Warner.
Spider-web
Spider (computer), computer program that automatically monitors documents (called Web pages) on the World Wide Web (WWW); also called robot, softbot, wanderer, crawler, and fish.
Most Web pages include at least one link (an automatic connection) to another Web page, and some include hundreds of links. A spider takes advantage of this structure by starting at one Web page and working its way out by following every link on a Web page and then following every link provided by the new Web pages.
Some spiders save the URL (Uniform Resource Locator), or address, of every Web page they visit. These spiders are used by search engines to build indexes of Web pages that users can access to search for information on a particular topic. Indexing spiders, as they are called, often also store the title and partial or complete text of a Web page so users can do more detailed searches.
Some spiders store only URLs of Web pages that have not been listed yet in order to update lists or provide lists of new Web pages. Some spiders make note of URLs that are no longer valid in order to correct lists.
Most Web pages include at least one link (an automatic connection) to another Web page, and some include hundreds of links. A spider takes advantage of this structure by starting at one Web page and working its way out by following every link on a Web page and then following every link provided by the new Web pages.
Some spiders save the URL (Uniform Resource Locator), or address, of every Web page they visit. These spiders are used by search engines to build indexes of Web pages that users can access to search for information on a particular topic. Indexing spiders, as they are called, often also store the title and partial or complete text of a Web page so users can do more detailed searches.
Some spiders store only URLs of Web pages that have not been listed yet in order to update lists or provide lists of new Web pages. Some spiders make note of URLs that are no longer valid in order to correct lists.
Web-site
Web Site, in computer science, file of information located on a server connected to the World Wide Web (WWW). The WWW is a set of protocols and software that allows the global computer network called the Internet to display multimedia documents.
Web sites may include text, photographs, illustrations, video, music, or computer programs. They also often include links to other sites in the form of hypertext, highlighted or colored text that the user can click on with their mouse, instructing their computer to jump to the new site.
Every web site has a specific address on the WWW, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
These addresses end in extensions that indicate the type of organization sponsoring the web site, for example, .gov for government agencies, .edu for academic institutions, and .com for commercial enterprises. The user’s computer must be connected to the Internet and have a special software program called a browser to retrieve and read information from a web site. Examples of browsers include Navigator from the Netscape Communications Corporation and Explorer from the Microsoft Corporation.
The content presented on a web site usually contains hypertext and icons, pictures that also serve as links to other sites. By clicking on the hypertext or icons with their mouse, users instruct their browser program to connect to the web site specified by the URL contained in the hypertext link. These links are embedded in the web site through the use of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a special language that encodes the links with the correct URL.
Web sites generally offer an appearance that resembles the graphical user interfaces (GUI) of Microsoft’s Windows operating system, Apple’s Macintosh operating system, and other graphics based operating systems. They may include scroll bars, menus, buttons, icons, and toolbars, all of which can be activated by a mouse or other input device.
To find a web site, a user can consult an Internet reference guide or directory, or use one of the many freely available search engines, such as WebCrawler from America Online Incorporated. These engines are search and retrieval programs, of varying sophistication, that ask the user to fill out a form before executing a search of the WWW for the requested information.
The user can also create a list of the URLs of frequently visited web sites. Such a list helps a user recall a URL and easily access the desired web site. Web sites are easily modified and updated, so the content of many sites changes frequently.
Web sites may include text, photographs, illustrations, video, music, or computer programs. They also often include links to other sites in the form of hypertext, highlighted or colored text that the user can click on with their mouse, instructing their computer to jump to the new site.
Every web site has a specific address on the WWW, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
These addresses end in extensions that indicate the type of organization sponsoring the web site, for example, .gov for government agencies, .edu for academic institutions, and .com for commercial enterprises. The user’s computer must be connected to the Internet and have a special software program called a browser to retrieve and read information from a web site. Examples of browsers include Navigator from the Netscape Communications Corporation and Explorer from the Microsoft Corporation.
The content presented on a web site usually contains hypertext and icons, pictures that also serve as links to other sites. By clicking on the hypertext or icons with their mouse, users instruct their browser program to connect to the web site specified by the URL contained in the hypertext link. These links are embedded in the web site through the use of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), a special language that encodes the links with the correct URL.
Web sites generally offer an appearance that resembles the graphical user interfaces (GUI) of Microsoft’s Windows operating system, Apple’s Macintosh operating system, and other graphics based operating systems. They may include scroll bars, menus, buttons, icons, and toolbars, all of which can be activated by a mouse or other input device.
To find a web site, a user can consult an Internet reference guide or directory, or use one of the many freely available search engines, such as WebCrawler from America Online Incorporated. These engines are search and retrieval programs, of varying sophistication, that ask the user to fill out a form before executing a search of the WWW for the requested information.
The user can also create a list of the URLs of frequently visited web sites. Such a list helps a user recall a URL and easily access the desired web site. Web sites are easily modified and updated, so the content of many sites changes frequently.
Surf (computer)
Surf (computer), to explore the Internet, especially the World Wide Web (WWW); also called browsing or cruising. Surfing involves moving from one document to another by using the links (automatic connections) in the documents, typically in a leisurely fashion without a specific goal in mind.
Tel-Net
Telnet, protocol, or set of procedures, that enables a user of one computer on the Internet to log on to any other computer on the Internet, provided the user has a password for the distant computer or the distant computer provides publicly available files.Telnet is also the name of a computer program that uses those rules to make connections between computers on the Internet. Many computers that provide large electronic databases, like library catalogs, often allow users to telnet in to search the databases. Many resources that were once available only through telnet have now become available on the easier-to-use World Wide Web.
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